Puttering in the Study

2020 Modeling Review - Six Essexes

2020 was definitely a themed year.  When the year started I had two Essex class carrier projects underway, and at the end of the year - still two underway.

IntrepidCorrected – Revell’s Classic 1/720 Essex Class Carrier (Corrected)

For many modelers of World War II ships, Revell’s 1/720 scale model of the USS Intrepid (CV – 11) was an early favorite. It was cheap (two dollars, compared to four dollars for a Tamiya Akagi), easy to build, and gave you a big rectangular flight deck with a dozen aircraft for living room carpet war games. I built my first in 1973-74, and many more since then.

The kit was originally released in 1967 as the USS Franklin (CV–13), and was re-released as the USS Essex (CV-9) the next year. In 1972 it was rereleased as Intrepid (CV-11). It was the only class of wartime aircraft carrier available in plastic modeling in or near the 1/700 scale until the advent of the water line Japanese manufacturers in the 1970s. While the flight deck is basically accurate, the hull shape is significantly undersized, and the island suffers from numerous inaccuracies. The kit was greatly surpassed in accuracy by the Hasegawa Essex and Hancock kits in1974, and over 20 years later by a far more accurate series of Essex class carriers by Trumpeter and Dragon.

As a result of these later kits, the Revell Intrepid is not a logical candidate for building as anything other than a toy, as one of these later kits could be accurized far more easily. In fact, it would be significantly simpler to build an Essex class carrier in this scale from scratch than it would be to accurize or kitbash this kit into one.

Nonetheless, the kit is a sentimental favorite of mine, and I recently began contemplating building a “corrected”version of the kit which would have the major errors in shape and detail corrected in a way that is visible. I chose to do this by making all the corrections in white plastic and putty, and leaving the model unpainted so that the revisions are clear. Again, the intent was not to detail or accurize the kit – the kit’s armament and other details remain the same – but instead only to correct the kit’s inaccuracies using the same level and type of construction of the original model. In other words, I focused on making changes that could have been included in the original kit when it was released.

Date of Model

I chose to model the Intrepid as it appeared at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October, 1944. I did this for two reasons.

First, the kit lacks a 40 mm quad mount on the front of the island, has multiple 40 mm mounts elsewhere, and the box art and kit painting instructions show a dazzle camouflage pattern. This does not match the Intrepid’s appearance as built in 1943, but does match its appearance after a March-June 1944 refit following its torpedoing off Truk in February 1944. Intrepid returned to service with the fast carriers of Task Force 38 in August 1944, so Leyte Gulf two months later was a logical time. This also meant that I could use the extensive detailed (and scaled) plans of the Intrepid in its June 1944 configuration in John Roberts’ The aircraft carrier Intrepid Anatomy of the Ship book, reduced to 1/720 scale.

Hull

The biggest change to the kit was obviously going to be deepening the hull significantly. I prepared a profile with the accurate dimensions, which gave me precise calculations for how much additional hull material was going to be needed. I used as my starting point the existing kit’s main (hangar) deck, and determined that additional height had to be added in the underwater section of the hull, immediately above the water line, and at the top of the hull just below the flight deck.

Underwater Hull

I decided to replicate the kit’s two-part hull, so that I could separate the underwater portion from the rest of the ship in case I ever wanted to paint it and add it to my collection of 1/700 waterline Essex- class models. This meant that the first piece of construction was going to be a separate underwater hull.

I started by drawing up a set of hull sections to be attached to a central “keel” for the underwater section of the ship. This would then be glued to the existing kit’s underwater hull. I quickly realized that this would mean cutting away most of the underwater hull, since the Revell kit is terribly inaccurate in this department. Like its Yorktown class forebears, the Essex class has a streamlined hull fore and aft that is completely unlike the North Carolina class battleships whose underwater hull the Revell kit more closely resembles. In the end, all I ended up keeping of the kit’s underwater hull was the underside, which ended up being the approximate shape and thickness of the ship’s double bottom, as well as the sides of the hull amidships. Once the cut-down hull was attached to the keel with hull sections, the rest of the hull was filled in using strip plastic and white Tamiya putty.

I then cut two waterline plates, one to serve as the top of the underwater hull, and the other to serve as the bottom of the above water hull. After carefully aligning them, I cut holes in both for a series of dowels to align the two parts of the hull when finished. I finished off the underwater hall by scratch building a rudder, propeller shafts (to which the kit propellers were attached) and bilge keels.

Upper Hull

The above-water portion of the hull was built the same way as the underwater hull, with hull sections attached to a longitudinal member glued to the upper water line piece. The approximately quarter-inch section of strip plastic that marked most of the missing depth of the hull above the waterline then served as the guide for how much of the kit’s above-water hull would need to be cut away, which was a significant portion below the hangar deck aft, and the entire forecastle forward. Once the kit’s hull sides were securely in place, I added a full hangar deck.

If the insufficient depth of the hull is the worst flaw in the kit, the shaping of the forecastle is the second. As a result, the hull was completely reframed forward of the #1 elevator, and topped with a new much broader forecastle deck. Again, the hull was filled out with sheet plastic and putty to the correct shape. The kit’s original anchors were cut off the kit’s hull pieces and then sanded down as much as possible before being glued back on.

Even with the substantial addition below the kit hull, the hull was still slightly too short from the hangar to the flight deck, so another section of sheet plastic was installed between the hull sides and the flight deck raising it to the required level. Interestingly, the hangar openings in the hull were almost completely accurate – so while I had to raise the height of the openings, I didn’t have to move them, as I had to do when kitbashing the Hasegawa Essex and Hancock kits. I couldn’t help adding some roller doors in a partially lowered position – which I justified because the way the hull pieces are molded, it would have been easy to include this level of detail.

Hull detailing was deliberately limited, since I did not want to turn this into an accurizing project, but I included the level of detail that was consistent with the molding of the kit’s era, including some hull piping which had been lost in all the sanding, as well as supports for the deck-edge elevator. The stern was completely missing the necessary structures, so I included them, built simply enough that they could have been included as part of the kit parts.

Last, the 5 inch gun platforms forward and aft on the port side in the kit completely lacked the necessary sponsons, so I built those up with sheet plastic and putty.

Flight Deck

The kit’s flight deck has always been a favorite of mine so I decided early on not to modify it, other than rebuilding the deck edge elevator. The elevator on the kit is not correctly shaped, but more importantly is not the right size, so I cut it out and installed a correctly sized elevator at the hangar deck level. After the bow was lengthened by including a correctly shaped forecastle, and the stern was reduced by eliminating the sponson for two 40 mm quad mounts, which the Intrepid didn’t have until later in the war, I had to trim off a portion of the flight deck aft, and add a section forward. The kit’s flight deck is slightly wide for scale, but not enough that it demanded change, so I left it alone.

When I checked the gallery deck antiaircraft gun mounts against plans of the ship for the relevant time period, they were surprisingly close to correct. Because the kit’s 20 mm mounts are oversized, the gun tubs, while generally the correct size, only hold about two thirds the number of weapons they should, but I thought that was close enough to leave as is. The only place where I modified the shape of an existing gun tub was the aft starboard side, where I substantially increased it in order to get to the same two-thirds ratio that the other tub show. I particularly like the Frankenstein’s monster appearance it gives the model!

On the starboard side forward, the Intrepid didn’t have the forward 20 mm mount gun tub that some other ships of the class had, so I snipped that gun tub out and replaced it with strip plastic, and added another section a little further back on the starboard side gallery deck. Intrepid did have three small gun tubs near the stern that aren’t shown on the kit, so I scratchbuilt those and filled them with matching mounts from another kit. The spares box also provided two more lattice masts aft. The last change to the gallery deck mounts was replacing 5 inch 38 caliber guns in two tubs on the port side aft with 40 mm quads – why they didn’t have them in the first place is a mystery.

Island

The general shape of the island was, surprisingly, pretty close, but there was some reshaping necessary. Most notably, the kit’s island has a rounded shape at the front, which is incorrect, so I squared that off using putty and plastic.

One of the most prominent errors in the kit’s island is the inclusion of an open tube at the front of the flag bridge. It isn’t intended to be an AA mount, but instead I think is intended to represent the gun director that sits on a stalk just in front of and below the flag bridge. I cut it off and installed it on the necessary stalk. I then modified the island platforms to match the Roberts plans, which included both trimming existing platforms, which remain in their original gray, and installing new platforms, including a completely new flag and navigation bridge.

The “hat brim” stack cap on the Revell Intrepid is one of its most characteristic features – and does bear some resemblance to the famous photo of the Franklin afire, but it is still completely wrong. I replaced part of it with sheet plastic cut and carefully sanded to match the actual stack cap, but topped with the original stack covers from the kit trimmed and thinned. The Mark 37 gun directors were a little tall, so I cut the radars off and shortened their attachments, and spent some time sanding off the mold marks. I also added strips of plastic to the 5 inch 38 caliber twin turrets to improve their appearance.

The kit island’s worst error is that the tripod mast was molded backwards so that instead of the back legs leaning towards the front, the front leg leans towards the back. I could not correct the kit part, so I scratchbuilt a new tripod mast from rod plastic, and put the kit’s mast head platform on top of that. The pole mast on top of the platform is actually the kit mast chopped up. The kit mast is so overscale that I was able to cut it and use the parts for the Intrepid’s configuration in the fall of 1944. The yardarms and new mainmast are stretched sprue, but could have been included with the kit in 1967. The SK and SC radars are sheet plastic, and the SC is mounted on a bracket salvaged from the kit’s stack cap.

Influence of the USS Franklin (CV-13)

As noted above, this kit was originally released as the Franklin, and numerous details in the kit match the Franklin far better than the Intrepid.

First and foremost, the kit mast is actually fairly accurate for the Franklin. After being damaged in Japanese attacks twice in October 1944, Franklin went through a refit that resulted in several changes that match the Revell kit. First of all, the topmast was still a single pole as shown in the kit, not a stepped one as in the Intrepid. There are also indications that the kit designers had access to the bomb damage drawings of the Franklin, as they show a longitudinally aligned topmast that may have been the source for the kit’s – which way the actual ship’s was aligned is not completely clear in photos. The unique dog-eared deck edge elevator in the kit is also a close match for the kit. And unlike the Intrepid, Franklin did have twin 40 mm quad mounts at the stern, thanks to a late 1944 refit.

The Franklin may have contributed one other detail to the Revell kit. In that late 1944 refit, the 40 mm quad mounts on her port side gallery deck were all lowered to the same level as the 5 inch .38 caliber mounts, likely for stability reasons. Previously they had been at a slightly higher level, and many other Essex kits show them this way. Only the Revell kit has all of the portside mounts at the same level – even if it inexplicably has two of them with 5 inch guns instead of 40 mm quads.

The Franklin may be noteworthy for one other reason – many of the images of the burning Franklin taken after the attack on March 19, 1945 show her listing heavily to starboard, presenting a profile that is very similar to the shallow–profile Revell model.

Conclusion

All in all, this is the model that I always wanted the Revell Intrepid to be. The only question is whether it’ll stay gray and white to show the modifications, will get that hand painted tan flight deck and dark gray patches on the hull that I remember so fondly from almost half a century ago, or will get an accurate camouflage scheme. I still haven’t made up my mind about that one.

The build album is at https://www.scalemates.com/profiles/mate.php?id=48557&p=albums&album=56282 .

 

USS Essex (CVS-9) – Revell 1/530 Resurrection Build

 

It took three days short of a year for my resurrection build of a 1980 Revell 1/530 Essex-clas angled deck carrier done.

The model started out as a Bon Homme Richard (CV-31) that I built in 1980, the last of nine models of this kit. Five were given to me already built in 1975 or so and the other four I built from 1977 to 1980 (the photo shows four of the original five, plus the first that I built). On the last day of 1981 all nine went into two boxes and spent the next fifteen years in my mother’s attic while I was at college. I retrieved them in 1994, and took them to my first house on South Washington, and ten years later to the model workshop at our current home on Harris Lake Road.

I took BHR out June 30 of 2019 and decided to try to accurize it using the aftermarket parts that are now available – but mostly to correct the starboard side by lining the kit hangar deck up with the hull. That would mean adding four scale feet of hull outboard, but I figured hey, how hard could that be?

A year later, the answer is – very hard. I worked on the model continuously till November, then didn’t touch it until we started sheltering at home in March of last year.

I was able to get 1996 plans for the lead ship of the class, USS Essex (CV-9) from The Floating Drydock, and decided to model Essex near the end of her career in October 1968 when she recovered the first Apollo mission, Apollo 7. The photoetch is by GMM, the decals and resin hangar are by Starfighter, the island by Model Monkey, and anchors, guns, boats, aircraft and deck equipment by various other vendors on Shapeways. Model Monkey and other vendors were very accommodating resizing their 1/350 scale products to 1/530 for use with the Revell kit. The Apollo capsule is scratchbuilt.

I usually build ship models waterline, but made an exception here since this was a build of a sentimental favorite. But near the end I saw another modeler built a seascape on one side of a full-hull build and decided to try to replicate it using a removable “wrap” for more of a diorama effect. A side benefit was that the uneven gloss finish reflected light back up on the hull, approximating real water.

The build album is at https://www.scalemates.com/profiles/mate.php?id=48557&p=albums&album=58702 .

 

USS Oriskany (CV-34) 1950 (1/700)

The USS Oriskany (CV-34) was the 24th and last Essex-class aircraft carrier to be commissioned. Construction on her was stopped in 1946 and she was completed in the fall of 1950 to a new design, SCB-27A, which better accommodated the newer and heavier jet aircraft that were coming into service. Numerous other carriers of the class were modernized to SCB-27A (and SCB-27C) standards, and all but one of those later received the hurricane bows and angled flight decks of the SCB-125 program.

I wanted to model a SCB-27A ship as part of my research into the program so I could see what the physical changes made to the class were. I chose Oriskany because she was the first, and her “as commissioned” appearance included a suite of sixteen 20mm twin mounts that didn’t last long. By 1952 many of the mounts had been removed, and within a couple of years they were all gone. In addition, the SCB-27A ships originally had a simpler pole mast arrangement without the prominent “X” structure at the top that would become a feature by the mid-1950s.

My model started with Dragon’s 1/700 Princeton (CVS-37), a mid-1950’s unmodernized Essex. The first step was adding the 6′ wide blister to both sides of the hull, as well as an escalator and island from Model Monkey (I also used their 3″ gub tubs, port crane sponson, lift raft baskets and Mk 56 gun directors). The bow was reworked to add the secondary conn, and all the gallery deck catwalks were removed and replaced with thinner sheet plastic after the gallery deck itself was thickened up. All flight deck structures (gun mounts) were removed, and new sponsons for the 3″ twin mounts built from sheet plastic and putty. Although photos sometime described these as the tubs for the earlier 40mm quads, they are actually significantly larger.

I also added the bracket on the hull for the ship’s pole mast. Carriers using the Brooklyn Navy Yard (where Oriskany was built) had a bracket on their hull to hold their masts so they could pass under the East River bridges.

Late in construction I added the removable underwater hull after I added the partial blister to it. Unlike the later conversions, Oriskany’s blister was more of a belt and went only partway down the side of the hull underwater, which I thought was worth modeling.

The aircraft are Dragon’s early jets from the Bon Homme Richard (CV-31) kit, which also donated the twin 20mm mounts. The 3″ twin mounts are from an old Skywave/Pit-Road USN parts parts set, along with the corresponding pieces from two CVL kits.

Build album is at https://www.scalemates.com/profiles/mate.php?id=48557&p=albums&album=61373#56

 

USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31/CVA-31) Double Build

I purchased the Dragon CV-31 kit for the early jets aircraft, and the 20mm twins were a nice surprise. I initially thought that kitbashing the kit into its Vietnamese-era appearance would be a good project, since it was everything the Essex and Oriskany were not - an SCB-27C and not only that, one of the ships (along with Lexington and Shangri-La) that received their SCB-125 modernization at the same time, so it would have a completely different hurricane bow shape.

But the kit was a very good one of the ship in its 1951 appearance off Korea, and it would be a shame to destroy practically everything in it to build it to a different period, so I decided to backdate the Dragon kit to its initial wartime appearance in July of 1945, and bring down the old Hasegawa Essex kit that’s been in my stash 25 years and use that hull for the 1968 version. 

By the end of the year, the 1945 version was nearly finished, just needing some finish work on the aircraft, island and 20mm mounts.  The 1968 version was similarly almost done, with nearly everything other than the island and the air group finished.

The build album is at https://www.scalemates.com/profiles/mate.php?id=48557&p=albums&album=62759 .

 

Essex bow: short hull/long hull/hurricane bow construction notes

I am researching how the bows of the Essex class carriers changed from their entry into the fleet in 1943 through their long history, and have come across some recent pictures during their modernization periods that may provide a better understanding of how the updating was done.

Short Hull / Long Hull

As originally configured, the Essex class aircraft carriers had a rounded bow as shown at far left above.  During construction, most of the later units of the class had the bow reshaped into a "clipper bow" which was flared forward and to the side to accommodate the second 40 mm quadruple mount antiaircraft gun as shown in the drawings in my 1997 book Essex Class Carriers in action.  The photo of the Shangri La (CV-38) at left is one of the few that seems to show a bit of a jog in the main deck, and a change in the hull plating where the bow lines were reshaped.

SCB-27A/C

During the initial round of postwar modernization, six of the "short-hull" units were brought up to SCB-27A or -27C standards, and in each case their bows were altered to the "long hull" form. 

After doing some research, I think how that was accomplished is a little clearer.  These two photos shown the Essex (CV-9) beginning her modernization in April 1949.  Oddly, the sides of her flight deck forward have been removed, which doesn't seem to make sense, since the flight deck remained after the conversion. 
 

But I was looking at similar photos of the Lexington's modernization at Puget Sound five years later and the pieces fell into place.  

These two photos, taken in April and June of 1954 show a short-hull Essex being reshaped into a "long-hull" prior to also receiving a hurricane bow, since Lexington went straight from her World War II confirguration into a SCB-125 one.  In other words, she missed the middle stage of the top photo, and went straight to the third photo. 

In the first photo, "No. 1 and No. 2 sections of new bow" are in the foreground.  The structure behind is the third "bent" supporting the flight deck - everything forward of it has been removed, and the entire bow forward of about the first bent has been sliced off and a new section of bow with the clipper lines is being prepared for attaching. 

For purposes of illustration, the attached photo of the Oriskany model shows the three "bents" on a long-hull ship.

Here's the interesting part.  The next photo, taken two months later, shows the new hull section (with a hawsehole, I note) attached and notes "installation of two of the three flight deck sections removed earlier in the conversion.  And now we see bents # 1 and 2 reattached to bent #3 and to the forecastle - essentially the section remaining on Essex in the photos above.  And this is when I noticed that the pictures of the Essex showed a railing being placed separating the forward section of the flight and gallery decks - it was because they were about to be removed.

But this shows how far back into the hull and superstructure they went in the "short-hull" ships to reshape the bow lines in the SCB-27A/C modernizations, and for the two "short-hull" ships that did their -27C and -125 at the same time, Lexington and Bon Homme Richard.

In case you're interested, the hurricane bow itself was delivered on a truck and mounted on the ship by crane.

SCB-125

Did the bows have to be cut back this far in the SCB-125 conversions that added hurricane bows? No.

As the attached photo of Ticonderoga shows, while the technique was similar, the section of bow that had to be cut back was far smaller, and didn't require removal of any of the flight deck supports. This photo of Shangri La shows only half removed, and then during the bow rebuild.

But why was any removed at all?  I had assumed that the clipper bows were just faired up into the new hurricane bows.  

The "clipper bows" caused excessive slamming in service, with the Ticonderoga buckling her main deck during a passage around Cape Horn, causing major damage.  This reinforced the need for hurricane bows, but also resulted in the existing bows being reshaped slightly to offer less resistance to the waves in heavy seas. 

As this comparison of the Oriskany's forecastle after her SCB-125 modernization to a long hull forecastle kit part shows, the corners of the bow were rounded somewhat, which made the final hurricane bows less likely to cause unwanted slamming.

USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31) Double Build

My next project will be a "double build" of kits as the USS Bon Homme Richard (CV-31), one of the last of the Essex class carriers to make it into combat in the Pacific before the end of World War II in 1945. 

One kit will represent the ship in its initial configuration in the summer of 1945, shown at left refueling with the battleship Missouri.  For this I'm using the state of the art Dragon kit of CV-31 at it appeared a few years later when reactivated for the Korean War in 1951-52.  

The second will represent the Bonnie Dick in 1968 as an attack carrier off the coast of Vietnam after her SCB 27C / SCB 125 modernization. For this version I am using an old Hasegawa kit that I bought at least 26 years ago intending to accurize it as an October 1944 Yorktown (CV-10) as I had done with two other similar kits the previous two years.  It's long since been surpassed by the new Trumpeter and Dragon kits, but it'll do fine as the starting point for an angled deck postwar Essex.  None of the detail is accurate, but all will be covered or replaced anyway.

I chose the BHR because I needed the Dragon kit for parts to finish Oriskany.  BHR has the "early jets" aircraft, and after getting it I discovered it also has the twin 20mm mounts that CV-34 carried (briefly). I was going to just build it as the 1968 version, but that would be a waste of a really good kit.  So I decided to backdate the kit to the carrier's World War II appearance (I always wanted a Measure 12/Measure 22 two-tone Essex anyway) and use the old Hasegawa kit from my stash as the base for the angled deck version.  

The 1968 version will combine the research and skills I've learned on the SCB-125 Essex and the SCB-27A Oriskany - but every ship is different.  BHR was one of the three ships that got both the 27 and 125 modernization in one yard period - and as a 27C ship she has a completely different bow flight deck and hull from the Essex, which I'm looking forward to modeling.  Plus, I've never scratchbuilt a hurricane bow, especially for a ship that went from a "short hull" to SCB-125 in one fell swoop.  (The other was Lexington (CV-16) but I already have a 1/700 CV-16, and I'm trying not to unnecessarily duplicate ships.  This project is the exception).

I try to focus on a specific feature in each build, and on BHR it'll be the forward elevator.  BHR was one of the few ships that had the forward elevator elongated by extending the forward edge - either to accommodate larger aircraft or the tugs that pulled them.  I've built #2 and #3 elevators up and down before - but never #1, and certainly never a pentagonal shape. So that'll be something new to look forward to. 

I'll build both kits' #1 elevators down so the change in configuration is apparent.  The Dragon kit already has a fairly accurate elevator well (as you can see in the picture below), but the Hasegawa doesn't even have a hangar deck, so everything - including the flight deck opening - will be scratchbuilt.

The Dragon kit could be built far faster since other than thickening the gallery deck - which kit makers always model too thin - and redoing the catwalks it's an almost OOB build - but I'm hoping to keep both at about the same level both so I can use the Dragon kit as a guide for the extensive scratchbuilding that'll be needed on the Hasegawa, and show the differences that were made in the later version of the ship.

Also, the Dragon will be painted throughout the process, but I'm hoping to keep the Hasegawa largely unpainted (at least the exterior) to show the work as it's being done. 

Daybreak For Our Carrier - Max Miller

I picked up an e-book Carrier! Life Aboard a World War II Aircraft Carrier for 99 cents the other day, despite the generally poor reviews - and ended up very happy that I did.

It turned out the book is actually a republication of the 1944 book Daybreak For Our Carrier by reserve officer Lt. Max Miller, a peacetime writer called into service during the war.  Miller was writing about what life on an aircraft carrier was like for people back home during the war, so the book is almost completely lacking in specifics - no ship or aircraft or island names at all - just his take on what it's like on this new type of warship.

The book began almost exactly the same as the narration for the movie The Fighting Lady, also released in 1944 about life on the same carrier.  It's only slightly sappy in places, but not overly so given the age - in fact it's one of the more restrained pieces of its era that I've read.  But his take is simply terrific.  He's not presenting life as an exercise in patriotism and duty but as simply what goes on on the ship. Three images in the book stood out to me.

First, he described the predawn General Quarters during which all the ship's planes would be warmed up and readied for possible launch on the flight deck.  But here's the picture he paints of what he sees when he looks down from the island through the complete darkness toward the tightly packed planes spotted aft:

"The blue-reddish flames from the multitude of exhausts, all bursting and roaring at the same time in the blackness, is what gives the flight deck its Dante’s Inferno complexion during such times. They do not throw out much light but they do throw out terrible shadows under the wings and against the fuselages; fiery shadows which appear to be leaping and shrieking in a mad effort to get the hell away from there. It is as if, too, the devil’s own little henchmen were having a lot to do with the affair, as if they deliberately were stirring it up, as if they were wanting a real fight to occur between flame and flame, the winner being the one which can out roar the other."

(Emphasis mine).

 

What an incredible mental image - one that had never occurred to me since I've never seen engine exhaust at night, and never thought about the shadows it'd throw under the packed aircraft.  You can catch a glimpse of it in these two paintings by his fellow reserve office William Draper who was aboard the same ship a few months later, and painted views from the island at night. 

 

Miller also paints metaphorical pictures of the ship during an operation, noting that due to its sending its planes out, it becomes hard to know how the day went.

For a carrier’s pattern of operations, as previously mentioned, continues to be a sort of fourth-dimensional one even during an engagement.... Each of these tangents is a thread then, and if under the pressure of the weaving, these threads get lost or snap, the day’s design automatically may change.... that is the trouble with engagements in general. They do not follow the rules of good theater any more than a day’s pattern will always stick to its original design.

Another great example of writing that conveys what carrier life must have been like.  Unlike the ships around it, the carrier's life is tied up in what happens to its aircraft.

 

He also refers several times to the dark catwalk under the flight deck that led from the squadron ready rooms to the flight deck.  This would have been suspended above the hangar deck, and would have been the place all the pilots traversed on their way to their planes - a sort of tunnel suspended in space.  Pointing it out just really brought home to me the journey that these men were about to make.

 

Finally, he narrates his trip as an observer in a plane on a bombing mission, and provides yet another unique description of the carrier.  Every account I've ever read refers to the carrier in maternal terms - as a mother hen to her fliers.  His experience after leaving her deck was different - he writes that "[i]n shoving us out of the nest she merely had turned from a mother ship into a rather stern old dad." And a dad that expected results, he continues.  That's a completely unique observation about a carrier.

 

In summary, a great little book.  I hunted a good copy down online after I read the e-book. I want my own copy of this one.

Bringing Back a Hero - Robert D. Jornlin

Our last stop on our RV trip was LST 325 in Evansville, Indiana, where I picked up this book by its captain on its return voyage in 2000-2001.  The story is an incredible one.  A crew of retired LST sailors, average age 72, got the ship back in working condition and talked their way into bringing back over 6,000 miles across the Mediterranean and Atlantic to the United States - so we'd have an example of a World War II LST.

The ship was an incredible experience to visit, but the artifact pales compared to what these men did to bring her home.  Jornlin was a retired commander from the 1960's, but his experience on the vessels and in feed sales gave him both the technical and the personal skills to successfully negotiate the challenges of getting the ship restored and the necessary permissions to bring her home.

I highly, highly recommend this book. 

The US Navy and the War in Europe - Robert C. Stern

This is another relatively recent (2012) Naval Institute Press book by prolific naval author Robert Stern.  It explores the little-explored aspect of the Navy’s contribution to victory in World War II which was the Atlantic theater, and in so doing clarifies why it is little-explored.

The Navy’s role in the Atlantic war was a limited one initially, although not as limited as it should have been under principles of international law applying to neutral nations.  The book explains why FDR drew the lines differently prior to U.S. entry in the war, and the practical effect that this had.  It also explains the cooperation between the Royal Navy and the U.S. Navy in beginning protecting shipping from U-boat attack.

One thing this book shows that none other I have read does is the extremely secondary nature of the theater in U.S. naval planning.  The Atlantic only got the assets that the Navy could spare from the Pacific, and those assets started being raided after December 7, making this the first book I’ve read that make the Pacific Fleet in WW II look well-taken care of by comparison.  The carrier Yorktown left immediately after the attack, and the three relatively modern New Mexico class battleships (they were WW I vintage but had been modernized during the interwar period) followed soon after, effectively making good the battleship losses sustained in the attack - a little-known fact.  The Navy had eight battleships at Pearl Harbor when the attack occurred (with one refitting on the West Coast).  Several weeks later it still had eight battleships in fighting trim in the Pacific, but they were stuck on the West Coast for lack of tankers and air cover.  

After the U.S. began losing carriers at Coral Sea and Midway the Wasp - which had been making runs into the Mediterranean to deliver Spitfires and otherwise making herself useful - was also pulled out.  The only carrier to remain - Ranger - was left because, as Stern points out - she wasn’t wanted in the Pacific. FDR himself apologized for her condition to Churchill on 16 April 1942 saying that she was best suited for use as a “ferry boat” for aircraft because “we are not proud” of her compartmentation and structural strength. Stern later identifies another problem - due to her hull shape she could only operate aircraft in a mild swell, which would have made her unsuited for operations in the Pacific.  Nor was that all - due to her slow top speed she could not launch fully loaded aircraft without help from the wind.  At one point in late 1943 an entire task force sat drumming its hands for 20 minutes off the Norwegian coast waiting for her to find a couple of knots of wind so she could launch her CAP and then strike aircraft.  All this reminds me that someone needs to write on how the Navy learned enough from 1934 to 1940 that it could build an effective carrier (Wasp) using the same tonnage as the ineffective Ranger.  Wasp was slightly slower and less well-protected that her Yorktown-class half-sisters, but she could and did operate with them effectively in August and September of 1942 off Guadalcanal. Ranger could not have, apparently.

The story of the Atlantic war that Stern tells is largely one of small engagements between destroyers, submarines and merchant shipping, where small U.S. ships sustained frequent losses due to German attacks.  The surface engagements are there, but they are rare, usually small, and often between unevenly matched combatants.

Oddly, Stern does not cover at all a couple of significant U.S. Navy operations in the Atlantic.  There is no mention of the new battleship Iowa carrying FDR to the conferences in Cairo and Teheran in late 1943. It was specifically forbidden by Admiral King from going out and looking for trouble while waiting on FDR’s return, but still - it was a major fleet unit and should have been noted.

And most significantly, while he covers the damage suffered by Navy vessels, especially destroyers, in great detail throughout the book, including at D-Day, he leaves out completely the major role played by the destroyers during the June 6 landings in battling shore emplacements at extreme risk to themselves.  Stephen Ambrose addresses these incidents extensively in his D-Day book, but they are completely absent here, despite the high drama they represent.  In many ways they were the high point of the Navy’s contribution to the shooting war in the theater, and their omission in a book largely missing high drama is an odd one.

Another omission is showing the increasing strength of the Atlantic fleet as the war went on.  Stern makes clear at the beginning just how phenomenally weak the Navy’s forces in the Atlantic were, which is helpful, but doesn’t note quantitatively how that changed as the war went on.  It would be something like telling the war in the Pacific beginning by noting the Navy’s limited supply of carriers in 1942, and then never noting that they were replaced four or five-fold with new construction.  Having those additional assets changed the picture of what the U.S. could do, and there’s nothing comparable in this book with respect to the Atlantic theater.  He does make mention of new construction, but not in a way that shows how the Navy’s ability to fight the war in the Atlantic changed between 1941 and 1945, and when the shortages in warships were remedied.  Or whether they were remedied effectively or resulted in unnecessary units in some areas which excess construction occurred in others.

Overall an interesting book, but a highly specialized one, which tells a fairly small slice of the story.  Other books provide a more comprehensive analysis of the Battle of the Atlantic (I don’t have a recommendation on this one), the Mediterranean campaigns (the first two Atkinson books) and the naval side of D-Day (Symonds’ Neptune). But if you want the ship by ship engagements that the Navy’s destroyers fought, with damage accounts, this is your source.  The sources at the end are also going to be very valuable to you if you’re interested in this subject, since Stern identifies all the good books, references and cites for this area.

The Good Shepherd - C.S. Forester

When I realized the new Tom Hanks movie Greyhound is based on this book by the author of the Hornblower books I had to go back and reread it.  Terrific read - started it last night and finished it today.  I know I’ve read it before - notes say I got it in San Diego which means a long, long time ago, but I’m pretty sure I read it at the time.

Can’t wait to see the movie!

#IntrepidCorrected - Revell's Classic 1/720 Essex Class Carrier (Corrected)

For many modelers of World War II ships, Revell's 1/720 scale model of the USS Intrepid (CV – 11) was an early favorite. It was cheap (two dollars, compared to four dollars for a Tamiya Akagi), easy to build, and gave you a big rectangular flight deck with a dozen aircraft for  living room carpet war games.  I built my first in 1973-74, and many more since then.

 

The kit was originally released in 1967 as the USS Franklin (CV–13), and was re-released as the USS Essex (CV-9) the next year. In 1972 it was rereleased as Intrepid. (CV-11). It was the only class of wartime aircraft carrier available in plastic modeling in or near the 1/700 scale until the advent of the water line Japanese manufacturers in the 1970s. While the flight deck is basically accurate, the hull shape is significantly undersized, and the island suffers from numerous inaccuracies.  The kit was greatly surpassed in accuracy by the Hasegawa Essex and Hancock kits in1974, and over 20 years later by a far more accurate series of Essex class carriers by Trumpeter and Dragon.

 

As a result of these later kits, the Revell Intrepid is not a logical candidate for building as anything other than a toy, as one of these later kits could be accurized far more easily. In fact, it would be significantly simpler to build an Essex class carrier in this scale from scratch than it would be to accurize or kitbash this kit into one. 

 

Nonetheless, the kit is a sentimental favorite of mine, and I recently began contemplating building a "corrected"version of the kit which would have the major errors in shape and detail corrected in a way that is visible. I chose to do this by making all the corrections in white plastic and putty, and leaving the model unpainted so that the revisions are clear.  Again, the intent was not to detail or accurize the kit – the kit's armament and other details remain the same – but instead only to correct the kit's inaccuracies using the same level and type of construction of the original model. In other words, I focused on making changes that could have been included in the original kit when it was released.

 

Date of Model

 

I chose to model the Intrepid as it appeared at the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October, 1944. I did this for two reasons. 

 

First, the kit lacks a  40 mm quad mount on the front of the island, has multiple 40 mm mounts elsewhere, and the box art and kit painting instructions show a dazzle camouflage pattern. This does not match the Intrepid's appearance as built in 1943, but does match its appearance after a March-June 1944 refit following its torpedoing off Truk in February 1944. Intrepid returned to service with the fast carriers of Task Force 38 in August 1944, so Leyte Gulf two months later was a logical time. This also meant that I could use the extensive detailed (and scaled) plans of the Intrepid in its June 1944 configuration in John Roberts' The aircraft carrier Intrepid Anatomy of the Ship book, reduced to 1/720 scale.

 

Hull

 

The biggest change to the kit was obviously going to be deepening the hull significantly. I prepared a profile with the accurate dimensions, which gave me precise calculations for how much additional hull material was going to be needed. I used as my starting point the existing kit's main (hangar) deck, and determined that additional height had to be added in the underwater section of the hull, immediately above the water line, and at the top of the hull just below the flight deck.

 

Underwater Hull

 

I decided to replicate the kit's two-part hull, so that I could separate the underwater portion from the rest of the ship in case I ever wanted to paint it and add it to my  collection of 1/700 waterline Essex- class models. This meant that the first piece of construction was going to be a separate underwater hull.

 

I started by drawing up a set of hull sections to be attached to a central "keel" for the underwater section of the ship. This would then be glued to the existing kit's underwater hull. I quickly realized that this would mean cutting away most of the underwater hull, since the Revell kit is terribly inaccurate in this department. Like its Yorktown class forebears, the Essex class has a streamlined hull fore and aft that is completely unlike the North Carolina class battleships whose underwater hull the Revell kit more closely resembles. In the end, all I ended up keeping of the kit's underwater hull was the bottom, which ended up being the approximate shape and thickness of the ship's double bottom, as well as the sides of the hull amidships. Once the cut-down hull was attached to the keel with hull sections, the rest of the hull was filled in using strip plastic and white Tamiya  putty.

 

I then cut two waterline plates, one to serve as the top of the underwater hull, and the other to serve as the bottom the of the above water hull. After carefully aligning them, I cut holes in both for a series of dowels to align the two parts of the hull when finished. I finished off the underwater hall by scratch building a rudder, propeller shafts (to which the kit propellers were attached) and  bilge keels.

 

Upper Hull

 

The above-water portion of the hull was built the same way as the underwater hull, with hull sections attached to a longitudinal member glued to the upper water line piece. The approximately quarter-inch section of strip plastic that marked most of the missing depth of the hull above the waterline then served as the guide for how much of the kit's above-water hull would need to be cut away, which was a significant portion  below the hangar deck aft, and the entire forecastle forward. Once the kit's hull sides were securely in place, I added a full hangar deck.

 

If the insufficient depth of the hull is the worst flaw in the kit, the  shaping of the forecastle is the second. As a result, the hull was completely reframed forward of the #1 elevator, and topped with a new much broader forecastle deck. Again, the hull was filled out with sheet plastic and putty to the correct shape. The kit's original anchors were cut off the kit's hull pieces and then sanded down as much as possible before being glued on. 

 

Even with the substantial addition below the kit hull, the  hull was still slightly too short from the hangar to the flight deck, so another section of sheet plastic was installed between the hull sides and the flight deck raising it to the required level. Interestingly, the hangar openings in the hull were almost completely accurate – so while I had to raise the height of the openings, I didn't have to move them, as I had to do when kitbashing the Hasegawa Essex and Hancock kits. I couldn't help adding some roller doors in a partially lowered position - which I justified because the way the hull pieces are molded, it would have been easy to include this level of detail.

 

Hull detailing was deliberately limited, since I did not want to turn this into an accurizing project, but I included the level of detail that was consistent with the molding of the kit's era, including some hull piping which had been lost in all the sanding, as well as supports for the deck-edge elevator. The stern was completely missing the necessary structures, so I included them, built simply enough that they could have been included as part of the kit parts.

 

Last, the 5 inch gun platforms forward and aft on the port side in the kit completely lacked the necessary sponsons, so I built those up with sheet plastic and putty.

 

Flight Deck

 

The kit's flight deck has always been a favorite of mine so I decided early on not to modify it, other than rebuilding the deck edge elevator. The elevator on the kit is not correctly shaped, but more importantly is not the right size, so I cut it out and installed a correctly sized elevator at the hangar deck level. After the bow was lengthened by including a correctly shaped forecastle, and the stern was reduced by eliminating the sponson for two 40 mm quad mounts, which the Intrepid didn't have until later in the war, I had to trim off a portion of the flight deck aft, and add a section forward. The kit's flight deck is slightly wide for scale, but not enough that it demanded change, so I left it alone.

 

When I checked the gallery deck antiaircraft gun mounts against plans of the ship for the relevant time period, they were surprisingly close to correct. Because the kit's 20 mm mounts are oversized, the gun tubs, while generally the correct size, only hold about two thirds the number of weapons they should, but I thought that was close enough to leave as is. The only place where I modified the shape of an existing gun tub was the aft starboard side, where I substantially increased it in order to get to the same two thirds ratio that the other tub show.  I particularly like the Frankenstein's monster appearance it gives the model!

 

On the starboard side forward, the Intrepid didn't have the forward 20 mm mount gun tub that some other ships of the class had, so I snipped that gun tub out and replaced it with strip plastic, and added another section a little further back on the starboard side gallery deck. Intrepid did have three small gun tubs near the stern that aren't shown on the kit, so I scratchbuilt those and filled them with matching mounts from another kit. The spares box also provided two more lattice masts aft.  The last change to the gallery deck mounts was replacing 5 inch 38 caliber guns in two tubs on the port side aft with 40 mm quads - why they didn't have them in the first place is a mystery.

 

Island

 

The general shape of the island was, surprisingly, pretty close, but there was some reshaping necessary. Most notably, the kit's island has a rounded shape at the front, which is incorrect, so I squared that off using putty and plastic. 

 

One of the most prominent errors in the kit's island is the inclusion of an open tube at the front of the flag bridge. It isn't intended to be an AA mount, but instead the gun director that sits on a stalk just in front of and below the flag bridge. I cut it off and installed it on the necessary stalk. I then modified the island platforms to match the Roberts plans, which included both trimming existing platforms, which remain in their original gray, and installing new platforms, including a completely new flag and navigation bridge.

 

The "hat brim" stack cap on the Revell Intrepid is one of its most characteristic features - and does bear some resemblance to the famous photo of the Franklin afire, but it is still completely wrong. I replaced part of it with sheet plastic cut and carefully sanded to match the actual stack cap, but topped with the original stack covers from the kit trimmed and thinned. The Mark 37 gun directors were a little tall, so I cut the radars off and shortened their attachments, and spent some time sanding off the mold marks. I also added strips of plastic to the 5 inch 38 caliber twin turrets to improve their appearance.

 

The kit island's worst error is that the tripod mast was molded backwards so that instead of the back legs leaning towards the front, the front leg leans towards the back. I could not fix the kit part, so I scratchbuilt a new tripod mast from rod plastic, and put the kit's mast head platform on top of that. The pole mast on top of the platform is actually the kit mast chopped up. The kit mast is so overscale that I was able to cut it and use the parts for the Intrepid's configuration in the fall of 1944. The yardarms and new mainmast are stretched sprue, but could have been included with t he kit in 1967. The SK and SC radars are sheet plastic, and the SC is mounted on a bracket salvaged from the kit's stack cap. 

 

Influence of the USS Franklin (CV-13)

 

As noted above, this kit was originally released as the Franklin, and numerous details in the kit match the Franklin far better than the Intrepid.  

 

First and foremost, the kit mast is actually fairly accurate for the Franklin. After being damaged in Japanese attacks twice in October 1944, Franklin went through a refit that resulted in several changes that match the Revell kit. First of all, the topmast was still a single pole as shown in the kit, not a stepped one as in the Intrepid.  There are also indications that the kit designers had access to the bomb damage drawings of the Franklin, as they show a longitudinally aligned topmast that may have been the source for the kit's - which way the actual ship's was aligned is not completely clear in photos. The unique dog-eared deck edge elevator in the kit is also a close match for the kit. And unlike the Intrepid, Franklin did have twin 40 mm quad mounts at the stern, thanks to a late 1944 refit.

 

The Franklin may have contributed one other detail to the Revell kit. In that late 1944 refit, the 40 mm quad mounts on her port side gallery deck were all lowered to the same level as the 5 inch .38 caliber mounts, likely for stability reasons. Previously they had been at a slightly higher level, and many other Essex kits show them this way. Only the Revell kit has all of the portside mounts at the same level – even if it inexplicably has two of them with 5 inch guns instead of 40 mm quads.

 

The Franklin may be noteworthy for one other reason – many of the images of the burning Franklin taken after the attack on March 19, 1945 show her listing heavily to starboard, presenting a profile that is very similar to the shallow–draft Revell model.

 

Conclusion

 

All in all, this is the model that I always wanted the Revell Intrepid to be.  The only question is whether it'll stay gray and white to show the modifications, will get that hand painted tan flight deck and dark gray patches on the hull that I remember so fondly from almost half a century ago, or will get an accurate camouflage scheme.  I still haven't made up my mind about that one.

Midway

Parker and I went to see Midway today, and really enjoyed it.  It was technically stunning - the Enterprise and its dive bombers were flawlessly executed, and for that matter I never saw any hardware (except the sinking Lexington) that wasn't technically correct as far as I knew.  That doesn't mean the camouflage on the ships and aircraft was always correct - the movie starts on December 7, and neither Enterprise, the dive bombers or the ships at Pearl Harbor are in the correct camo for that period - but it's close enough. (There's also one overhead shot of the B-25s over Tokyo where they - inexplicably - have 1943 markings - but it's still far and away the most period-accurate WW II naval combat movie I've ever seen).

Beginning with the Pearl Harbor scenes, though, it becomes clear that this is a dramatization of the action, not a strict retelling.  At Pearl Harbor the events of the attack are sequenced differently, and the ships are arranged a little differently around the harbor, but the action sequence is good, and unlike Pearl Harbor it's consistent.  It's essentially CGI or sets that match the historical ships in CGI, so I have no real complaints. You don't have the Missouri and a bunch of mothballed 1970's destroyers getting blown up.

Along these lines, the action scenes are dramatized as well. I don't think Roi or Namur had scenic mountains, carrier task forces didn't steam at 300 yard intervals, and the Lexington wasn't a Yorktown class ship.  I understand how for dramatic reasons Halsey's Enterprise does make it to the Coral Sea to join Yorktown, but too late to do anything but watch Lexington sink. And it is borderline adorable to have Yorktown and Enterprise watching Lexington sinking at the previously noted 300 yard spacing that looks just like three cows standing together in a meadow.  But - again - they used the same Yorktown class carrier for the sinking Lexington.  Bizarre.

Woody Harrelson does very, very well as Admiral Nimitz, and Etsushi Toyokawa does likewise as Yamamoto. In fact, the whole cast is good, and while I've heard others have issues with the script, neither the script itself nor the dialogue bothered me. Patrick Wilson is also really good as Nimitz' intelligence officer Edwin Layton.

The best thing about the movie to me was the constant parade of historically correct easter eggs that were used to propel the story along. It sounds like terrible writing to have Layton telling Nimitz the exact date, time and bearing of the Japanese attack, and Nimitz then complimenting him later for being "5 minutes, 5 miles and 5 degrees off" - but it's almost word for word what Rochefort and Nimitz actually said.  And Bruno Gaido saving the day at the Marshalls and getting the plane he was in cut in half by a Japanese bomber that nearly misses, and then he comes back later in the movie to play an important role is just over the top screenwriting - but that's exactly what happened. Gene Lindsay getting banged up landing his TBD, Wade McCluskey getting switched to dive bombers - all this stuff is in there. The way the "AF is short on water" story is told is original and funny.  Again, much of the story is dramatized - Halsey put himself in the hospital, but it plays better to have Nimitz have to order him off under protest.  Hirohito being hustled off to his bunker during the Doolittle Raid was a terrific touch.

The accuracy extends to the technical details of the attacks on Kaga and Akagi.  McCluskey mistakenly leads his squadron and almost all of Best's down on a single target, and misses - and so do others before the bombs start hitting home.  Then the most critical attack of the battle is portrayed pretty accurately. Best, accompanied by only his two wingmen, went after the Akagi, but were forced to attack from abeam, meaning they had hit to the ship from the side.  They're shown flying through massive AA fire when Best told us at a seminar in 1992 that there wasn't a gun on him during his run (see comments re: dramatization above) but the actual effects of the attack are shown accurately. His two wingmen both barely miss the ship (one jams the ship's rudder, which would later make salvage even less likely), but Best drops his amidships - and actually at the worst possible point where his bomb not only could damage the ship with its explosion and the secondary explosions - he also fatally damaged the water main system and because he hit around the elevator, the damage extended to both the hangars.  One bomb - one ship.

Oh, and then he came back four hours later and scored a hit on Hiryu as well.  Perhaps not in as dramatic fashion as the movie displays, where he lands his SBD on the Hiryu, engages Admiral Yamaguchi in hand to hand combat, and then takes off again, dropping his bomb through the hinomaru in the forward flight deck on his way off, but still.  (I am only exaggerating slightly).

It's a great war movie, and it's a great and largely accurate retelling of the first six months of the Pacific war - one where the Enterprise is depicted flawlessly (okay, other than not having Ms 1 camo on Dec. 7/8).  And they gave us Midway pins at the movie theater. What more could you ask for?  Oh yeah, a historically accurate Lexington. But other than that, not much.

Midway, Dick Best and Me

A very pleasant surprise about the new Midway movie is that the Enterprise's Bombing 6 skipper Dick Best is the lead. I met Mr. Best at a Nimitz (now Pacific War) Museum symposium in 1992, and for reasons that now escape me, I had packed up a framed R.S. Smith print of his run on the Akagi that my parents had given me for graduation in a pillow case and brought it with me, along with a few books for signatures.

At the time I honestly didn't realize his significance in the battle - I just recognized he was one of the Enterprise dive bomber pilots Walter Lord had written about.

After listening to his portion of the panel discussion I realized I should probably see if he'd sign my print. Oh boy, did he. When he handed it back to me, it said:

          Dick Best

C.O. Bombing Six

U.S.S. Enterprise

Midway, 4 June 42

As the seminar was about three months after I finished law school, I was still in the habit of taking copious notes, and in light of the movie, I thought a few might be worth putting here:

On Dive Bombing

He said he's often asked what it's like to be a dive bomber pilot. "It's like a rollercoaster," he said. "You come in at 20,000 feet, go 'over the top' and stand on your rudder pedals. At 3,500 adjust and drop at 2,500 - pull out at 1,000." He said the bump going over the top was the 'old hat' part of the dive. "The excitement is what you can do at the bottom."

Doolittle Raid

Left (I think he was referring to) on April 12 on Enterprise with a fast fleet oiler and were on heading of 335 degrees - a direct course to Tokyo, and they worried for two days. Launched at dawn (probably referring to a patrol he flew) and saw Hornet. But he said he couldn't make out her deck load - there were a lot of engines and jumble and deck tractors. He said he was envious of Doolittle that he got the "first shot at Japan."

Midway

Left for Midway on May 28 with Task Force 16. The next day Spruance met with them and laid out the plan. He said the details were incredible - they had divisions by numbers, and names of the carriers and battleships. he said he asked what if they were wrong and the Japanese did something different - was told "well, we just hope they won't." He wasn't told how they knew. (Alvin Kernan said the code breaking was common knowledge on Enterprise during the battle - if it was, Best didn't mention it during the panel).

On June 3 heard about the attack on the Aleutians - I wrote two quotes here which may be something he said or something he recounted someone else saying - "We're going to show them a surprise this time," and "behind the garden gate with a bat."

He remembers VB was back in the landing wires because were heavier, and was airborne by the time he reached the island. VS launched first - he noted the torpedo bombers apparently went first (as well). (This is garbled account and incomplete of who launched when, but I won't take time right now to complete the launch sequence using other sources - this is just what he recounted. And it's possible I wrote VS when I should have written VF).

His account of the attack is just about exactly as the movie relates except he said something about "never a gun on him." That might mean he was never hit, but I think it was that he was never fired on. He remembered seeing a Zero go through his gunsight as he dove - there were planes launching from the stern, and his bomb hit "in planes warming up." He described the flight deck as red-orange with a bright red ball, and later described the attack on the Hiryu as well - said his dive was steeper and his rear seat man said they got a hit. Said he's often asked how he recalls the details of the missions so well, and said it's easy because it was the last day he flew a plane, due to the caustic soda incident.

I can't help but think he'd have been a bit indignant at being portrayed as a cowboy who got promoted by Halsey, because he'd been a squadron leader for a while. But he'd have liked the way they redid the final bomb drop on Hiryu. Actually he probably would have just smiled and refrained from actually grumbling about how that wasn't the way it happened, and how several got hits.